Art History – Civil War

Two of the decade's biggest stories came early on with the New York Times' reporting of the Pentagon Papers in 1971 and the Washington Post's coverage of Watergate scandal twine 1972 and 1976. 1 The ass's displayed a trend of younger Journalists with higher ideals. Instead of simply covering the news on the government with blind-eye objectivity, Journalists began actively seeking ways to analyze and expose any type of dishonesty in its actions. 2 The Pentagon Papers scandal turned the American public against the Vietnam War and exposed the U. S.Government for its lies and false promises over the past decade. 3 Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein reporting of the Watergate scandal is considered one of the high points in American investigative journalism. By using a variety of sources and interrogating U. S. Government officials inside the White House and the FBI, Woodward and Bernstein published numerous stories showing proof of am illegal presidential cover-up and â€Å"dirty trick† politics. 4 The Watergate scandal demonstrated how new technology began to aid the delivery of the news in the sass's.Television, for example, began to take off, as people were now able to easily see and believe the news in a timely fashion, rather than simply reading about it. On August 8, 1974, President Richard Nixon formally reigned from the office of President in a televised broadcast. It was a defining moment in American history, as Nixon became the first president to willingly give up his position. The televised address confirmed that Americans were beginning to view television as a primary source of information. Nightly news broadcasts also expanded upon their success from the sass's.Each of the three major television networks had their own recognizable and respected Journalists helping their newscasts. For example, Walter Coronate, who was hailed as â€Å"The Most Trusted Man in America,† anchored CBS. Nab's team of John Chancellor and David Brinkley were a strong second, while BBC had a seacoast helped by Howard K. Smith. 6 Of course, the increased reliance on television in turn slightly decreased the importance of radio in the daily lives of Americans. Television and newspapers firmly became the leading news outlets during this time.Thus, because there was not as wide a variety of viable news sources (online, cable television, etc. ), audiences were not as fragmented as they are today in finding the news. 7 The ass's also brought forth economic and social changes in the lives of American citizens, which made obtaining the news even more relevant during the time. Major trends included greater cynicism of government, advancement in civil rights, increased influence of the women's movement, and environmental awareness. 8 During the course of the Vietnam War, Americans suffered through a slight depression.The news, in television and paper, became a way to constantly stay aware of national and international proceedings. 9 The war led to a heigh tened interest in daily-televised news. In turn, the Vietnam War became commonly known as the â€Å"Living Room† War, as families were able to see the violence occurring overseas. 10 In addition, the Watergate scandal, Roe v. Wade in 1973, the Fall of Saigon in 1975, among other major news stories, were all landmark historical moments-?thus making the news more culturally relevant than ever at the time.A new â€Å"norm† in Journalism also appeared during the sass's decade known as â€Å"New Journalism,† or â€Å"literary Journalism. â€Å"al The works in the new genre were characterized by adding novelistic twists to reportage. Usual standards of accuracy were usually nonexistent and were often dependent on the mood of a place or event. 12 Writers such as Truman Capote, Tom Wolfe, Hunter S. Thompson and others reared a form of Journalism in which writers became more artistic and created â€Å"nonfiction novels. † The accuracy and reporting in these stor ies became the subject of controversy and caused mistrust in Journalistic integrity. 3 Traditional Journalists argued that the professional Journalistic norms of accuracy and factual verifiability discouraged the use of techniques such as inner monologue and excessive, over-the- top detail. However, the controversy of fact-and-fiction reporting in the sass's led to more established rules and guidelines for Journalists. Many major Journalistic organizations and individual news organizations established codes and standards to limit the involvement of their Journalists in activities that could potentially â€Å"embarrass their organizations. 14 Thus, while much of the ass's reflected a â€Å"crusading-yet-objective† style of Journalism, sensationalism and exaggeration were both still very much present. The relationship between the government and the media remained ever changing throughout the decade. In 1970, President Nixon created the Office of Telecommunications Policy in or der to stress the rising importance of media in new formats. 5 During this time, news coverage of the Vietnam War via television showed Americans the horrors of war overseas and public sentiment towards Nixon and the war turned sour.The Top's criticism of public broadcastings coverage of the Nixon administration, however, undermined congressional support for public broadcasting. 16 Another major development in 1970 was the creation of National Public Radio. NP began producing and distributing a variety of news programs and specials, funded by the government's Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CAB). 17 Ata time when television was gaining momentum, a variety of different government actions inhibited further progression of public broadcasting.For example, in 1975 the Public Broadcasting Financing Act was signed, forcing the CAB to apply to Congress for funding every year. Furthermore, the he Public Telecommunications Financing Act restricted the Cab's managerial and financial freed om. 18 Newspapers and magazines, however, still received a majority of their funding from advertising. However, since television began to steal more of the national audience, print magazines and papers began to move towards a more socialized advertising model. This idea became fully realized in the following decade. 9 Ultimately, the sass's brought forth a major interest in Journalism. From government mistrust to civil rights, Journalism and getting the news was a priority for a vast majority of the American public. Thousands of Baby Boomers from World War II swelled enrollment in U. S. Journalism college programs, creating a generation of journalists that would not be changed until the birth and rise of the Internet in the 21st century. 20 Works Cited Miller, Mary and Teresa Crude. A 20th Century Timeline: Classroom Use of Instructional Film, Radio, and Television.

Maximizing the Benefits of Project Work in Foreign Language

Maximizing the Benefits of Project Work in Foreign Language Classrooms Bulent Alan and Fredricka L. Stoller The implentation of project work differs greatly from on instructional setting to another. In some settings, fairly non-elaborated tasks, confined to a single class session, are labeled as projects.In other settings, elaborate sets of tasks establish the process for completing the project and span an entire instructional unit; in settings like these, the benefits of project work are maximized because students are actively engaged in information gathering, processing, and reporting over a period of time, and the outcome is increased content knowledge and language mastery. In addition, students experience increased motivation, autonomy, engagement, and a more positive attitude toward English.Although project-based learning presents challenges for teachers and students (Beckett 2002; Eyring 1997), most project-work proponents assert that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. In this article, we focus on how English language teachers can capitalize on the content and language learning benefits of project work. To explore the topic, we examine the characteristics of under-exploited project work, outline the features that maximize the potential benefits of project work, and present a case study of project-based learning.We conclude with recommendations for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers and materials writers who want to integrate project-based learning into their own curricula. Under-exploited project work Numerous language educators incorporate what they call â€Å"project work† into their classrooms, even though the lessons do not maximize the full potential of project work. For example, in some settings, basic communicative activities used to help students get to know one another better and to promote conversation have been labeled as projects.What often occurs in such settings is that students, when given the chance, join groups wi th their friends. They complete their non-elaborated tasks in a superficial way without much collaboration. Studentssocialize, but rarely assist each other with the language and information-gathering demands of the task (if there are any demands). In some settings, project work is merely a source of entertainment and a break from routine classroom activities.Though projects often focus on challenging, real-world subject matter, students are often solely concerned with the visual attractiveness of their projects, paying little attention to content and language learning. In these settings, teachers often reinforce this misdirected attention by assessing student projects according to their visual appeal, ignoring students’ gains in language and content learning. In other settings, students are constrained in their ability to grow from their projects, either because of excessive teacher control or because of the absence of teacher feedback and guidance during the process.In setti ngs characterized by too much teacher control, we find instructors who dictate each step of the process without giving students any voice in defining the project. Generally, such excessive control inhibits students from taking responsibility for their own learning and developing a sense of ownership toward the project. In these settings, students are rarely asked to provide feedback on the project experience; thus, often the same project is incorporated into future instruction, with no modification, which usually results in the same lack of student engagement.Another problem occurs when repeating students influence new students with their negative attitudes toward the project, further undermining the potential of the project. Project work can be more effective when teachers relax their control, when students regard the teacher as a guide (Sheppard and Stoller 1995), and when students provide feedback on the experience so that projects can be improved each year. A total relaxation of teacher control, however, is not the solution to a teacher-centered project. In some cases, students are left alone and receive no guidance on the language, content, or process demands of the project.Here, it seems, teachers have ignored both the process-based nature of project work and students’ need for support at different stages in the project. Finding the proper balance between teacher guidance and student autonomy enhances the advantages of project work in the language classroom. Project work that maximizes benefits Projects that are structured to maximize language, content, and real-life skill learning require a combination of teacher guidance, teacher feedback, student engagement, and elaborated tasks with some degree of challenge. Generally, such projects are multidimensional.A review of numerous case-study reports (Allen 2004; Gardner 1995; Gu 2004; Ho 2003; Lee 2002; Levine 2004; Papandreou 1994; Tomei, Glick, and Holst 1999) reveals that successful project-based learning: †¢ focuses on real-world subject matter that can sustain the interest of students †¢ requires student collaboration and, at the same time, some degree of student autonomy and independence †¢ can accommodate a purposeful and explicit focus on form and other aspects of language †¢ is process and product oriented, with an emphasis on integrated skills and end-ofproject reflection.The end result is often authenticity of experience, improved language and content knowledge, increased metacognitive awareness, enhanced critical thinking and decision-making abilities, intensity of motivation and engagement, improved social skills, and a familiarity with target language resources. One way to maximize the potential benefits of project work is to follow the ten-step process advocated by Stoller (1997) and Sheppard and Stoller (1995). The ten steps are summarized below. Step 1: Students and instructor agree on a theme for the project The students and instructor come to an agreement on a project theme.Because projects range from structured, semi-structured, to unstructured in terms of the degree to which the teacher defines the project (Stoller 1997), instructors should identify ways (large or small) in which students can develop some sense of ownership toward the project. Step 2: Students and instructor determinethe final outcome of the project With the nature and objectives of the project in mind, the students and instructor determine the final outcome of the project (e. g. , bulletin board display, written report, debate, brochure, letter, handbook, oral presentation, video, multimedia presentation, theatrical performance).At this point, the students and instructor negotiate the most appropriate audience for their projects (e. g. , classmates, other students, parents, program director, city mayor, a local business). Step3: Students and instructor structure the project After the theme and final outcome of the project are determined, the stude nts and instructor work out project details that guide students from the opening activity to the completion of the project. In this step, students consider their roles, responsibilities, and collaborative work groups.After negotiating a deadline for project completion, students reach a consensus on the timing for gathering, sharing, and compiling information, and then presenting their final project. Step 4: Instructor prepares students for the demands of information gathering At this stage, the instructor prepares students for the language, skill, and strategy demands associated with information gathering. With student ability levels in mind, the instructor prepares instructional activities for each of the information-gathering tasks.For instance, if students will be conducting interviews to gather information, the instructor may plan activities in which students have to form questions, ask follow-up questions, request clarification, and take notes. If students are expected to write letters, the instructor might review the format and language of formal letters. If they intend to conduct an Internet search, the instructor may review search procedures and introduce useful note-taking strategies. Step 5: Students gather informationAfter practicing the skills, strategies, and language needed for gathering information, students are ready to collect information using methods such as interviewing, letter writing, and library searches. Whenever possible, the instructor brings in relevant content resources to get students started on their information quests. Step 6: Instructor prepares students to compile and analyze data At this stage, students need to master the language, skills, and strategies needed to compile, analyze, and synthesize the information that they have collected from different sources.The instructor prepares students to do much of this on their own through tasks that involve, for example, categorizing, making comparisons, and using graphic organizers s uch as charts and time lines. Numerous training sessions might need to be planned, depending on the types of information collected and the ways in which it was collected (e. g. , taped interviews, brochures received in response to solicitation letters, library research, and note-taking). Step 7: Students compile and analyze informationAfter engaging in teacher-guided preparatory activities, students are ready to tackle the demands of compiling and analyzing the gathered information. Working in groups, students organize information and then discuss the value of the data that they have collected, keeping some and discarding others. The goal is to identify information that is critical for the completion of their projects. Step 8: Instructor prepares students for the language demands of the final activity As in Steps 4 and 6, the instructor designs language-improvement activities to help students successfully present the final outcome of the project.Those activities may focus on skills for successful oral presentations, effective written revisions and editing, persuasive debates, and so forth. Some focus on form might be greatly appreciated by students at this point. Step 9: Students present the final product Students present the final outcome of their projects, as planned in Step 2. Step 10: Students evaluate the project In this last, often neglected stage of project work, students reflect on the language mastered and the subject matter acquired during the project.In addition, students are asked to make recommendations that can be used to enhance similar projects in the future. It is during this stage that teachers provide students with feedback on their language and content learning. Project work options The details of project work are largely dependent on contextual factors, language program objectives, and available resources. For instance, in Turkey, at higher education levels, students of agriculture can engage in project work about soil erosion, which is a serious contemporary issue, with the goal of generating possible solutions for deforestation in Turkey.Engineering students can prepare written reports after investigating the advantages and disadvantages of a third bridge over the Bosphorus in Istanbul; they might even send their reports to interested officials. Students enrolled in a vocational school on the southern coast of Turkey might design a website that introduces their town, with an eye toward attracting and building tourism in the area (Huseyin Yucel, personal communication, May 2004). Academic English-preparation students in their first year of university studies can explore a self-selected topic related o their majors (reported orally to classmates and in writing for their teacher) to prepare them for future studies (Semra Sadik, personal communication, June 2004). Students majoring in physical education may investigate reasons for the limited numbers of Turkish athletes in recent Olympic games. EFL students in the east ern part of Turkey might conduct a survey aimed at determining the causes for low female-student school enrollments, concluding with suggestions, submitted to local officials, for turning around the trend.Students studying EFL in other countries are known to focus their projects on issues specific to their own countries, regions, and studies. Italian vocational high schools, for example, have structured their curricula around topics of relevance to students in various vocational areas, resulting in brochures for tourists, travel itineraries submitted to travel agencies, school banquet manuals, and many other real-world items. EFL students in Tunisian high schools have explored topics as diverse as mining and traditional marriage practices as part of their project work, culminating in video presentations of their findings.EFL students in Japan are surveying visitors at major tourist destinations—with note pad, tape recorder, and camera in hand—about topics of contempora ry interest. In line with such practices, Brazilian, Costa Rican, or Malaysian students could conduct projects with an environmental slant that are aimed at convincing local or national governments to take necessary precautions to protect local rain forests. (See Lee 2002, for a description of a project involving the creation of a booklet that describes an environmentally sound home, with suggestions for environmentally sensitive lifestyles. These examples, like those in Appendices 1 and 2, represent just a sampling of possible projects and outcomes that can be integrated into EFL classrooms. Project work: A case study Here we showcase a real-world project designed for intermediate and high-intermediate EFL students enrolled in the English Preparatory Program, in the School of Foreign Languages at Anadolu University, Eskis? ehir, Turkey. As part of this semi-structured project, defined and organized by both the teacher and students, students evaluate the effectiveness of the local t ramcar system. As part of their data collection, they interview xperts from the university, authorities from the city government, and residents of Eskis? ehir. They also write formal letters to the city to request information and conduct library and Web research. At the conclusion of the project, students present results to students in the School of Foreign Languages as well as to guests from the university and city government by means of a public forum, reinforced by a bulletin board display with findings and recommendations. The principal goal of the month-long project is to give students a voice in reshaping their town and its tramcar system.By the conclusion of the project, students are able to do the following: †¢ Gather pertinent information through various data-collection techniques, such as interviews, surveys, and library and Web research †¢ Engage in critical thinking activities, partially through synthesis activities †¢ See improvement in their language ski lls †¢ Use English with more self-confidence The project, structured following Stoller’s (1997) ten steps, is described below. Step 1: Students and instructor agree on a project The instructor conducts a lesson designed to raise students’ awareness of a local tramcar issue.This opening lesson, meant to encourage students to participate in shaping public opinion, elicits students’ attitudes toward public transportation, specifically tramcars, and provides them with the vocabulary and language needed to participate in the project. The instructor asks students where they live and how they travel to school. To facilitate this interaction, the instructor creates an overhead transparency with a grid that lists different forms of transportation, including tramcars. The instructor fills in the grid with students’ initials or tally marks to indicate who uses which forms of transportation.After filling in the grid, the instructor asks students to work in small groups, ideally with at least one student whose hometown has tramcar transportation. Students are asked to discuss the effectiveness of their hometown public transportation. A handout providing relevant vocabulary and a list of possible questions guides students in group discussions (see  Figure 1). Follow-up activities are useful to guide students in comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the Eskis? ehir tramcar system with the systems of other cities.At the conclusion of group discussions, each group reports its most important finding, most worrisome discovery, and any similarities discovered about tramcar systems in other cities. The instructor then asks students to take a few minutes to fill in a semantic feature analysis grid that juxtaposes different features of the local tramcar and bus systems (see  Figure 2). Then students are asked to brainstorm the advantages and disadvantages of the Eskis? ehir tramcar, considering factors such as the locations of their homes , routes, and tramcar stations (see  Figure 3).After students complete these activities, the instructor elicits suggestions for improving the quality of Eskis? ehir public transport. The instructor asks students to judge whether it is possible to implement the solutions that they have put forward. Next, the instructor tells students about a project that will help them improve their English and might also improve the local tramcar system. Finally, the instructor introduces the essentials of the project, giving students the opportunity to finetune the project so that they develop a sense of ownership.Step 2: Students and instructor determine the final outcome of the project The teacher proposes that students report the results of their investigation, with suggestions for improved public transportation: (1) in a letter to the local government, (2) at an open public forum with invited guests, and (3) on a bulletin board in Anadolu University’s School of Foreign Languages. Stude nts are encouraged to include the following in their bulletin board display: a copy of a letter sent to the Eskis? hir municipality requesting a modified tramcar system that caters to the needs of university students, written reports, photographs, and transcripts of interviews with students, community members, and university experts. Feedback on this preliminary plan is solicited from students. At this stage, students are also given the opportunity to define their varied audiences for the letter, public forum, and bulletin board display. For instance, besides the Foreign Languages School director, teachers, and students, they decide who else to invite from the university governing council and the Eskis? hir municipality. Step 3: Students and instructor structure the project At this stage, students help to structure the project. To do so, they consider questions such as: 1. What information is needed to conduct an examination of the local tramcar system? 2. Where and how might pertin ent information be found? a. Who will be interviewed to determine public opinion? To identify the views of experts on public transportation? To ascertain the views of the local government? b. What information might be found at the library? On the Web? At the City Hall? At public transportation stations? . How will information be gathered, compiled, and analyzed? During these deliberations, students decide on their primary roles and responsibilities. For instance, students determine who will conduct interviews; take photos; do library and Web searches; draw graphs, pictures, and charts; finalize the bulletin board display; and make opening remarks, present data, and entertain questions at the open forum. While determining roles, the students’ majors are taken into account so they can be assigned roles most closely aligned with their interests and abilities.For instance, students from the fine arts department might be responsible for the layout of the bulletin board display, jo urnalism students can conduct oral interviews, aspiring English majors can write letters soliciting information, and math majors can compile statistics. To balance the workload, students can pair up with others to offer assistance at different points in the project. With the deadline for the final outcome in mind, students reach a consensus about the sequencing of project tasks.Step 4: Instructor prepares students for information gathering At this stage, the instructor prepares students for the upcoming language and skill demands of the information-gathering stage of the project. These lessons train students to conduct interviews (e. g. , forming a question, posing follow-up questions, requesting clarification and/or elaboration) and introduce them to the standard parts of an interview: polite opening, body, and thank you (see Lee, Li, and Lee 1999, for more details on the various stages of an interview).The instructor might help students determine the level of language formality an d content of the questions to be asked of different interviewees. Mock interviews can be conducted with classmates, family members, teachers, or other language students on campus. Audiotaped mock interviews can be reviewed in class for appropriateness, politeness, pronunciation, stress, and grammar. For students who are responsible for writing formal letters, the instructor introduces writing conventions associated with formal letter writing by means of model letters.Students write several drafts of their letters, followed by editing and revision activities that examine levels of formality, formatting, and linguistic accuracy. Guided peer-feedback sessions represent effective ways to encourage student collaboration and writing practice. For students who are going to use the Web and library to gather relevant information, the instructor initiates brainstorming sessions in which students consider the best ways to search for information in these venues.As part of this preparation, the instructor may introduce students to relevant search engines or websites on mass transit. Step 5: Students gather information After practicing the skills, strategies, and language they need for gathering information, students are ready to conduct informal interviews with students and local residents of Eskis? ehir. Students who are to conduct formal interviews make appointments and conduct interviews with experts. (The instructor may need to help students find equipment neededfor interviews, such as tape recorders. Students gathering information by means of letters of inquiry draft their letters, solicit feedback from classmates and the instructor, and then send out their letters. Students who are to conduct library and Web searches move ahead. Throughout this stage, the instructor monitors students’ progress, making sure that they are on the right track, giving them feedback on their language use throughout. Step 6: Instructor prepares students for compiling and analyzing da ta After data have been gathered, students need to compile, evaluate, and synthesize the relevant information.The instructor prepares students for this vital stage of the project by using model transcripts, letters, lists, and gridsto illustrate different categorization, evaluation, and interpretation techniques. This is a good time to introduce students to conversational gambits that they can use with each other to negotiate the meaning and relevance of gathered data, such as â€Å"I see your point, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Don’t you think that†¦? † Step 7: Students compile and analyze information After students have been introduced to techniques for compiling and analyzing data, they are ready to organize and synthesize their own data. Groups of tudents discuss the value of their data, discarding that which seems inappropriate and organizing and then evaluating that which seems particularly valuable. Students discuss the best ways to present relevant data to their varied audiences. Step 8: Instructor prepares students for the final activity At this stage, the instructor prepares students for the language, skill, and content demands presented by the final written display and oral presentation. A simulation of the open forum provides opportunities to work on fluency, pronunciation, intonation, and conversational gambits that will contribute to the flow of the event. See Mach, Stoller, and Tardy 1997 for a related discussion. ) Students who are not actually involved in the public forum might be assigned different roles for the simulation, such as a representative from the municipality of Eskis? ehir, representatives of the university governing council, or the director and teachers of the School of Foreign Languages. These students could be directed to anticipate what kinds of questions the actual audience might ask about the bulletin board display.At the conclusion of the simulation, the class can brainstorm about challenges that might be encountered during the actual open forum, such as irrelevant questions, hard-tounderstand questions, and public resistance to findings and suggestions. In addition, possible solutions to these challenges can be discussed, including a list of possible questions and responses, back-up visual displays, and conversational gambits to ask for clarification. A discussion of open-forum logistics (e. g. , room set-up, invitations to audience members, videotaping) would be appropriate as well.Discussions of the bulletin board, with an emphasis on presentation of information, layout, visual appeal, clarity, and peer editing (that focuses on mechanics, grammar, level of formality, cohesion) are appropriate at this point. Step 9: Students present final product Students are now ready to mount the bulletin board display and participate in the open forum, representing the final outcomes of the class project. (Videotaping the open forum facilitates meaningful feedback in the final stage of the proj ect. ) Step 10: Students evaluate the project This last stage of the project serves multiple purposes.On the more traditional side, teachers provide students with feedback on their language, content, strategy, and skill use, using the videotape of the open forum as one means of interactive evaluation. Less traditional, but equally valuable, are the opportunities students will have to: (1) reflect on the language, skills, and strategies that they have mastered to conduct the project; (2) consider the content that they have learned to complete the project; (3) contemplate the impact of the project; and (4) offer suggestions for improved projectwork assignments for future classes.Conclusion We have showcased the details of one project designed for an EFL setting. Although the tramcar theme itself may not be transferable to other settings, because of its very local relevance, basic features of the project could easily be transferred to other EFL classrooms. These transferable features, in the form of recommendations for EFL teachers and materials writers who attempt to integrate project-based learning into their own curricula, appear below. Devise projects with students’ immediate and future language needs and content interests in mind, while at the same time remaining vigilant of institutional expectations and available resources. †¢ Specify language, content, task, skill, and strategy learning objectives in line with students’ needs and institutional expectations to maximize the benefits of the project. †¢ Strive to engage students in all stages of the project.Begin by giving students the chance to structure parts of the project, even if those contributions are small, with the aim of building a sense of student ownership and pride in project engagement. †¢ Design and sequence tasks with great care. Make sure that (1) skills are integrated to achieve real communicative purposes, (2) students are obliged to use various strategies for m eaningful aims, (3) critical thinking is required for successful task completion, and (4) students are held accountable for content learning. Integrate tasks that require both independent and collaborative work. Help students reach agreement about different team member responsibilities. Students should view each other as single links in a chain that unite, through exchanges of information and negotiation of meaning, to produce a successful project outcome. †¢ Be sure to plan an opening activity that promotes students’ interests, taps background knowledge, introduces important vocabulary, and builds up expectations for the final activity. Take advantage of Steps 4, 6, and 8 to provide explicit instruction so that students not only improve their language abilities but also excel in the information gathering, processing, and reporting stages of the project. †¢ Allow time for feedback at the conclusion of the project and at other critical junctures as well. We close by directing readers to Appendix 3 for a list of questions for teachers to consider as they assess the viability of projects for their classrooms and develop actual projects for and with their students.

Conflicts of Interest Essay

There are many different definitions for Conflict of Interest, but most all mean the same or point to the same direction. When gifts, outside activities such as consulting, or financial and fiduciary interest have potential to create a certain decision or commitment with a business it is considered conflict of interest. Although there are numerous definitions the one adopted by the Institute of Medicine is helpful. It states, â€Å"A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgment or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest.† A conflict of interest usually occurs in a few common ways. One may be when an individual has the opportunity to use his/her partners’ position for personal financial gain or benefit a company in which the individual has a financial interest. Another way is when outside financial inappropriately influence the way in which an individual carries out his/her partners’ responsibilities. The last most common way of conflict of interest is when an individual’s outside interests otherwise may cause harm to partners’ reputation, staff, or patients. Conflicts of interest are often unavoidable and in many cases can be appropriately managed or reduced to an acceptable level. The people in the business should notice outside activity, interest, or interaction that has potential to create conflict. A few conflict of interest examples that are not acceptable are: Receiving a gift from a vendor. For example, Aaron works for a consulting firm. He accepts a large gift from a client in exchange for a discount on the services his employer provides. Being related to workers and giving them different treatment than the standard employee. For example, John works for a company that is managed by Uncle Steve. John reports to Uncle Steve to receive pay raises, promotions and other benefits that others in his same position do not receive. Doing freelance work for a competing company on the side. For example, Melissa works full time for Canon as a marketing director. In her spare time, she does freelance work for Nikon, helping to market their company with the skills she has learned from Canon. Richard Parsons is a part of two different businesses. â€Å"Because Parsons has a clear-cut fiduciary  duty to Citibank’s shareholders and must put their interest ahead of his or anyone else’s, his financial stake in Providence looks like a paradigm of a conflict of interest – not to mention the fact that Citibank, with all its problems, probably needs the full-time attention of the chairman of its board.† As stated in the text it is believed to be conflict of interest since Mr. Parsons is involved in both companies. Citibank however does not see it being a conflict of interest, and in fact says they would not allow â€Å"even the appearance† of conflict of interest. At times Providence needs financing and Citibank often lend them money. It is beli eved the two companies have such great relation because of Richard Parsons. Both businesses accept a deal they will benefit from, but is it the best deal Citi can have? Although Citibank believes there is no conflict of interest there may be. Both businesses can benefit from one deal, but Citi bank can negotiate a deal that they can benefit from more. Why don’t they negotiate a better deal though? If they do receive a better deal it will have the possibility of hurting Providence. Richard Parsons may not be a part of the deal, but the negotiators know who their boss is and do not want to make his business look bad. Because Richard Parsons is in both business it creates conflict of interest he does not intend for. It also creates unethical actions occur. Although they aren’t intentional they still happen. It is unethical for one person to affect both businesses, their deals, and their success. Keyon Communications is a broadband provider that is worth about only four cents. In 2009 the companies stocked climbed from four cents to two dollars and ten cents. The big question is how? Investors bid up the company’s stock and hope for it to take off. Of course the company believed it was a billion dollar company, but the truth is the stocked was fueled up by Joe Noel. Joe Noel was an analyst for Emerging Growth Research. He keeps a secret that Keyon awarded him seventy five thousand shares before he even began covering the company. The company’s stock eventually went down and showed that the company’s stock was truly only ninety five cents. The texts states that it is less certain whether there is conflict of interest or not, but it believe it is easier to determine in the case with Joe Noel and Keyon Communication. Joe Noel accepted a great amount of shares before he boosted their sock. Giving Joe Noel such shares moved him to invest in their company. One of the easiest conflict of interest to see is when a gift or  something is accepted from a vendor, and the vendor knows it will eventually benefit them. It was unethical for Joe Noel to boost their stock so much. It mislead others in thinking the company was better and worth more than it truly was. I believe people do not go around discussing or recommending specific stocks unless they are asked. It can be considered to be conflict of interest to discuss investments because someone can invest in a certain company to benefit someone or a busine ss. Friends may discuss stocks and investments and can create conflict of interest or can just simply recommend certain investments and discuss what may be best. If someone ask about your investments it is okay to discuss, but not to create deals that will be considered conflict of interest. Every company should have a policy to avoid conflict of interest. The policy must included many things but some main ones are: The employee owes a duty of loyalty to the company. At all times when on duty, without regard to time or place, employees should devote their full attention to the company’s business and their duties. An employee must avoid any activity that conflicts with their interest of the company. An employee must disclose a potential conflict in advance. Outside employment is prohibited unless approved by the employer in advance. The company will deny permission for such outside employment if at any point it adversely affects the employee’s ability, fitness, or readiness to work.

Extreme sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Extreme sports - Essay Example The public perceives that individuals who take part in such sports are not only irresponsible but also burdensome to the society. Despite the fact that extreme sports being unappealing to the public, there are a significant section that find these activities as fulfilling in their lives. It therefore, indicates the difference and diversity of the society since to some degree every individuals has some degree of adventure though this tends to differ since some require extreme adventure for fulfillment. Some these individuals are referred to as T types who are often stimulated by hazardous activities. However, the T type individuals go beyond those who participate in extreme sports as it encompasses the best entrepreneurs and inventors among other who have influence the progress of the society to a considerable extent (Mountain, 2006). Unfortunately, the T type behaviors are prevalent to poor social habits such as drug abuse, gambling et cetera. However, the dangers of these are increasingly becoming a challenge that need to be addressed. Several participants have sustained serious life threatening injuries and on some occasion these activities have caused death of individuals. It is strange to believe that organizers and sponsors of such sports and activities invite participant to participant in these events by luring them with cash without taking interest in either the safety or the health of the participants (Pell, 2013). Pell, D (2013). The Crash Reel. Dir. Lucy Walker.   HBO Documentaries. 2013. Documentary. The History of Winter X Games: Part 1.  Snowboard Magazine. Retrieved on 19th May 2015 from: http://rationalworldview.com/the-dangers-of-extreme-sports/ Mountain, B (2006). Living on the Edge: Extreme Sports and their Role in Society. Retrieved on 19th May 2015 from:

Crimes Against Property Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crimes Against Property - Assignment Example Women carried purses of various sizes, wore outfits with long voluminous skirts, and were decked out in shawls, gloves and muffs. The social class of these offenders in the period immediately following the Civil War was mostly lower. Perpetrators were usually part of the lower class who engaged in much petty criminal behavior, of which shoplifting was just one facet. Although there is no economic theory of shoplifting, the decision to commit this crime is one that is taken rationally, weighing up the implications and advantages of this choice now and in the future. In order to alleviate the prevalence of shoplifting, goods are often not on open display. In order for a customer to see that good which has caught their eye, the customer has to ask the attendant who will retrieve it from behind a counter or barrier of some kind. Also, most businesses have designed their retail stores to funnel all customers to and through the main exits. These changes have dramatically altered the preval ence, practice, and perception of shoplifting (Bamfield, 2012). Furthermore, in order to reduce the prevalence of shoplifting, private security officers possess authority which is a mixture of their powers as civilians and certain special requirements which were added by a special law or ordinance. Majority of the private security officers possess only citizen powers, hence they often function as agents of their employers. These security officers are trained to protect self and property from harm (Button, 2007). As a result, a private security officer working for that business or owner has the same authority, no more-no less. The private security officers have special skills that would enable them to detect the presence of a shoplifter within the premises. In other cases, these security officers have been granted special police powers by a local, state or federal government authority. However, even though the security officer has been granted this type of power, it is limited to the grounds and buildings of the employer. Nearly all the private security officers who work for retail stores have arrest powers for shoplifting incidents. These powers exist because the security officer is working for a shopkeeper. As part of their training, the private security officers have the right to detain a person when there are levelheaded grounds to believe that the person has shoplifted (Arrington, 2006). Home invasion robbery differs from similar crimes, such as burglary or breaking and entering, in how the crime is defined. According to the Illinois Criminal Code, home invasion is an unlawful entering of a dwelling by a person who knows someone was present therein, and armed with a dangerous weapon either uses or threatens use of force or injures someone inside the home. In some states, this difference means that a defendant can be convicted of both home invasion and another crime, such as armed violence during residential burglary based on one unlawful entry. On the othe r hand, other states hold that conviction of home invasion bars conviction of related crimes such as residential burglary based on one unlawful entry. Home invasion is often classified as a separate offense because of the brutal intent to commit various crimes such as robbery, rape, assault or murder against people in the home. Nonetheless, home invasion is not a legally defined crime federally and is only such

African American Caribbean Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

African American Caribbean Art - Essay Example This art involves the drawings that have been made through scribbling and scratching on the wall surfaces. They also involve illegal paints on the walls.Normaly; the decorative images are applied by painting to buildings and public transport facilities. Impressionist art. This art is meant to catch the attention of people. Normally, the pictures in this art are painted by the usage of more colours.The pictures represent the outdoor scenes. The pictures are often conspicuous, dazzling and vibrant at the places that they have been placed so as to attract people’s attention. The artist William Johnson used this approach in his artwork. Assemblage art. This art consists of three-dimensional elements that represent a particular object. The art involves modeling of objects that have volume. It is a visual art that consists of objects that can be seen and touched. It was commonly used by Edna Manley. The 1960’s through the1990’s were seen as a time of the cultural revolution, especially in art. Artists have become more worried about big ideas and innovation. The artist are now concerned with the quality of the paintings and not just artwork. The presence of technology has enabled the artist to take little time in the art work and also have wide and fine designs. Many art scholars have developed new educational priorities which emphasizes the pursuit of skills rather than knowledge. This has made the artists and art students less interested in gaining the traditions and craft of their subject, and instead focused on mastering production and innovation techniques. The personal innovation and interpretation have become vital than acquiring painting skills.Therefore, many individuals have failed to master the painting skills and depend on the presence of the computers. The introduction of new technology has enabled has enabled photographic and film images to be produced. The speed of production of the art work has increased significantly. The images that are

Results section Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Results section - Statistics Project Example Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics obtained for the guilty rating and prescribed punishment as chosen by witnesses and non-witnesses. As can be seen from table 1 and figure 1, the mean value for the guilt rating for witnesses was 5.1825 with a standard deviation of 1.54058 and a standard error for the mean for of 0.19410. For non-witnesses, the mean guilt rating was 4.0317 with a standard deviation of 1.76862 and a standard error for the mean for of 0.22282. The mean value for the punishment for witnesses was 3.2581with a standard deviation of 1.43647 and a standard error for the mean for of 0.18243 as can be seen from table 1 and figure 2. Non-witnesses had a mean of 2.1452 with a standard deviation of 1.34099 and standard error of the mean of 0.17031 in regard to the punishment to be ascribed to the defendant. Based on the crosstabulation of results regarding whether or not the defendant was guilty, 42 witnesses believed that the defendant was guilty against 16 who believed that he was not guilty. Thirty one non-witnesses believed that the defendant was not guilty while 27 of them believed that he was guilty. Of the 116 respondents that presented their views regarding whether or not the defendant was guilty, 69 stated that they believed that he was guilty. Results indicate a significant difference between the views of witnesses (M = 5.1825, SD= 1.54058) and non-witnesses (M= 4.0317, SD = 1.76862) in regard to the guilt rating of the defendant, t(124) = 7.788, p= 0.05. Since the calculated the calculated value of t is greater than 1.9793, we reject the null hypothesis. Results further indicate a significant difference between the views of witnesses (M= 3.2581, SD= 1.43647) and non-witnesses (M= 2.1452, SD=

Compare contrast and analyze the coastal management and its effect on Research Paper

Compare contrast and analyze the coastal management and its effect on the population in both ghana and South Africa - Research Paper Example The destructive activities performed by individual lead to destroying of the coastline resources of the countries. In this paper, the coastal management systems of South Africa and Ghana have been discussed precisely by considering all the significant facts about its coastal areas. The reasons for the destruction of the coastal areas of Ghana and South Africa have been explained and how those have impacted on the people and business located there, are also discussed. 2.0 Coastal Management Coastal management comprises of the coastal resource management, coastal zone management and integrated coastal zone management that relates to formal or informal practices, economies, rules, technologies as well as interaction among natural resources and humans who are located near sea coast. The coastal management also includes the way through which the resources are utilized and protected1. In the coastal management process, there are five phases such as identification of issue as well as evalua tion of baseline. The second phase includes the preparation as well as adoption of coastal resource management, in the third phase there is an action plan along with implementation of project. The fourth phase is the monitoring and evaluation, and the last phase comprises of information management, outreach and education1. The term ‘Coastal Management’ came into being after United States Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 was implemented. According to this act, sectoral management approach was not operating effectively, that was developed to focus on the individual resources such as fisheries, and other activities such as transport. Then the idea came to develop a coastal management approach with definite plans that primarily focus on particular issues related to national along with local importance. From that period new coastal management approach was applied in various situations all around the world2. The activities of coastal management takes place both in the dire ct land-sea border as well as in wider area of indirect influence of sea on land as well as land on sea. It also involves organizing the production of intertidal organisms and co-ordination of various sectors along with management agencies that have a direct along with indirect influence on the coast. The management of coast facilitates synchronization between the sectors and agencies. It also helps to develop the capability for integration of coastal consideration to the particular work2. Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) is considered as inter as well as trans-disciplinary approach of management, which was first initiated from the year 1970. The main objective was settlement of the conflicts of coastal stakeholders and to attain sustainable coastal development. Integrated coastal management is referred as the process by which several marine as well as coastal environments are managed in order to provide broad range of needs of bio-diversity protection along with sustainable use by facilitating the stakeholders to participate in the management programs3. MPA (Marine Protected Areas) is considered as an essential component of integrated coastal management program. They help in the protection of biodiversity as well as ecological

ENGINEERING ECONOMY & GEO-RESOURCE EVALUATION AND INVESTMENT ANALYSIS Term Paper

ENGINEERING ECONOMY & GEO-RESOURCE EVALUATION AND INVESTMENT ANALYSIS - Term Paper Example Highlight of the events in the stock vs. commodity graph 8.4. Explanation of each of the 10 key events 9. Summary 10. Conclusions 1. Abstract (summary of the report) This project is about reporting the performance of a company’s events versus its variation in stock value. It studies ten key events in Exxon Mobil, which is the company of choice. This study is done through the history of Exxon Mobil, highlighting the ten events and then narrowing down into five of the events (Coll, 2012). The events are about the important management of the Economy of the company and the behavior of the company stock in the stock market. The report will culminate into data analysis in which it will show the values of the stock found during the semester. It will have the inclusion of the discussion supporting this pattern of behavior of the stock price during the same period and in the previous year. 3. Introduction Exxon Mobil Oil Company is the largest among the major oil companies vertically i ntegrated in the New York Stock Exchange. Its stock is the second best in the global domain and hence it is the second largest revenue contributor in the region. In the year 2010, Exxon Mobil generated total revenue of 30.50 billion US Dollars, growing by 57 percent from the previous year 2009 (Okada & Adelman, 2012). Its Stock Exchange name is XOM. ExxonMobil is a collection of six global major oil-trading organizations, which does oil exploration, production, refinery and sales of gas and oil. The six companies in the group include ChevronTexaco, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, ConocoPhillips and Total. ExxonMobil has been consistent in its production of the largest revenue returns on invested capital and income. In 2009, it produced return on investment of 63% (Russell and Angel, 2011). It diversifies its revenues and continues to expand by introducing its natural gas capacity. It does this through the acquisition of shale deposits, exploration of oil sands increasing its geographical cov erage. Even though ExxonMobil has all these strengths, its performance is highly determined by the market performance and the decisions by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC controls the oil prices of all oil trading countries by keeping the base (40%) of oil crude oil stock in the whole world (Okada & Adelman, 2012). It is also affected by the environmental factors affecting the production of natural gas and oil. Its geographical coverage is also very expensive to create and maintain. The other factors include threats from alternative energy supply including bio-fuels. 3.1. History and Background of the company In 2010, ExxonMobil generated revenue of 30.5 billion US Dollars, which was an increase of 57% from the previous year 2009. The dramatic increase was because of the massive crude oil supply and the realization of natural gas. Additionally, ExxonMobil recorded a capital of 32.2 billion US Dollars including exploration costs. It distributed more than 19 billion US Dollars to its shareholders in form of dividends and buy back of shares. At the end of the year 2010, ExxonMobil had a reserve base of oil of 24.8 billion barrels. It had upstream revenue of 75.1 percent. This segment was involved in the E and P program (Exploration and Production). The total revenue from gas and oil in 2010 was 24.1 billion US Dollars (Coll, 2012). In the same year, it had a downstream earning of 11.1 percent. The downstream segment was used in the refinery and marketing of natural gas as well as oil. It earned a total of 3.6 billion US

Art Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Review - Assignment Example The painting has drawn much debate down the centuries because of the facial expression displayed on the painting. The Mona Lisa now is on display in Paris at the Louvre. In my opinion, the Mona Lisa is the greatest work of art of all time because of the skillfulness and difficulty of the piece. Da Vinci was an artist who often spent many years on one painting, so it is no surprise that he took so long with this one. The best works of art of those that force the viewer to think about what the painting represents; in this case, Da Vinci paints the facial expression that could be interpreted in one of two ways. In my opinion, the smile of the woman in the painting is not a real smile but a forced one; she may even be hiding something beneath that smile. Rembrandt, full name Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, is considered to be the most famous painter and artist in Dutch history. Many of Rembrandt’s pieces of art contributed to what some experts refer to as the â€Å"Dutch Golden Age.† Early on in his life, Rembrandt was a successful portrait painter but his career did not flourish as much as his early promise showed. Later in life, Rembrandt taught many young Dutch painters how to cultivate works of art. The Night Watch is recognized as one of Rembrandt’s most famous works of art. However, it has also provided much controversy and debate around the militiamen in the painting. This painting was crafted right in the middle of the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish. What may be considered unusual about this painting is that a captain of a Dutch militia group commissioned the painting and paid Rembrandt a large amount of money to do so. However, during this volatile time, it was not uncommon for militia groups to pay for their portraits to be painted. While there are many people in the painting, the light focuses only on two main figures at the front and a

What is steven pinker's response to media critics who are concerned Essay

What is steven pinker's response to media critics who are concerned about the harmful effects of consuming electronic media do you agree with his argument why or why not - Essay Example Currently, since many have accused new media for lowering intelligence, the level of since should then be reducing. On the contrary, the quality of science has been increasing because scientists are making use of new media. Similarly, he argues that other activities related t the human mind such as philosophy and cultural criticisms continue to flourish. Pinker further responds to the critics of new media by pointing out that experience does not necessarily shape the brain because the brain itself is not â€Å"a blob of clay.1† The brain does not necessarily copy the qualities of whatever it consumes, and therefore the effects of new media will not be as huge as implied by many. Instead of bemoaning technology, Pinker suggests that people should look for ways of exercising self control when using these new media. This will help encourage intellectual growth. Having read the article by Pinker, I agree with his arguments relating to the new media technologies. First, new media technologies have helped increase intellectual depth by allowing for multiple approaches to teaching and learning. This exposes individuals to various forms of information from a variety of sources, which makes people smart. As a student, I have benefited from these new technologies and this has greatly enhanced my knowledge in various fields. For instance, through these technologies, I am able to supplement class material with online materials obtained through search engines such as Google. As noted by Pinker, these technologies help us search and retrieve information online using tools such as social media and e-books. As knowledge continues to increase, there is the need to have tools that help in the effective retrieval, processing and storing of such information. Pinker rightfully argues that our brain power does not increase with increasing knowledge, and ther efore such tools come in handy. By sitting behind a computer for instance, one is able to obtain vast volumes of information

Effects of Poor Diet and Obesity on Heart Essay Example for Free

Effects of Poor Diet and Obesity on Heart Essay A good diet consists of consuming a full range of all the various nutrients needed for proper function of the body and bodily systems. When someone consumes the correct nutrients in the correct proportions, they are considered to have a â€Å"Balanced Diet†. However, when someone is not consuming the correct nutrients or not consuming the correct amount of nutrients they are said to have a poor diet or â€Å"malnutrition†. Malnutrition is often misconceived to be just the lack of nutrients in the body causing illness and Anorexia; however this is in fact incorrect as malnutrition can also be defined as the excessive consuming of nutrients which contain more energy than the body uses. This is most commonly known as â€Å"Obesity†. In Britain and most first world countries, obesity is one of the most serious effects of malnutrition. It can be extremely dangerous due to the build up of a certain fat known as â€Å"Adipose Tissue† under the skin and around major bodily organs. Someone can usually be defined as being obese if they have a BMI of over 30 (BMI can be calculated by dividing mass in Kg by height in Meters, squared). Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a common disorder of the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. It is a major cause of death in developed with Reports in the UK suggesting that 3-4% of men aged between 35 and 74 die each year due to the effects of CHD. In the reports for women, the risk appears to be about half of this figure. Each year around 156000 people in England and Wales die from CHD. The heart is used as a pump to pump blood around the body; this is done via the contracting of the hearts muscles. This process needs a continuous supply of oxygen in order to function, however if this oxygen supply is cut off or slowed down the muscle cannot contract and therefore the muscle will soon die. One of the processes that can restrict the amount of oxygen getting to the heart is called â€Å"atherosclerosis† alternatively known as â€Å"Hardening of the Arteries†). This can lead to the coronary arteries to be blocked due to the build up of mater ials inside the artery walls. This causes the amount of space available for the oxygen to pass through the artery to become heavily constricted. Atherosclerosis is a very slowly developing problem and people who contract it normally do not show any signs until they are at least 40 years of age. However in some people, the process can be caused to happen much faster. This is normally due to things such as high blood pressure, the presence of low-density lipoproteins (LDL’s) or even excessive amounts of harmful chemicals in the blood cuased by things such as the excessive consumption of tobacco. Damage from the presence of these substances will build up inside the coronary artery and exist as deposits known as an atheromatous plaque. Once this plaque has restricted the wideness of the lumen by 50% or more, flow of oxygen into the heart muscle will not meet required amounts and will cause a pain to be felt during exercising known as â€Å"angina†. This pain is felt in the left shoulder, chest and arm, but can still be felt in the neck and left side of the face for some people. Another danger from the presence of an atheromatous plaque in the coronary arteries is the danger of a blood clot being formed around the plaque. These blood clots are known as a â€Å"Coronary thrombosis† and are caused by fibrous protein Collagen coming into contact with the platelet which causes the platelet to secrete a chemical that react with the blood and cause a clot to form. These blood clots further slow down the flow of blood through the artery. This could cause the part of the heart receiving the oxygen from this artery to fail in receiving enough blood and therefore shut down or stop the heart from beating altogether. When this happens it is called a â€Å"myocardial infarction†. A myocardial infarction is a very serious condition in which the heart fails to beat. Around 90% of all cases of myocardial infarction are direct effects from the problems aroused by Coronal thrombosis. Myocardial infarctions are potentially fatal if a large amount of muscle is affected. Cardiac arrests are a result of myocardial infarction due to the lack of beating from the heart. During a cardiac arrest, no pulse can be felt on the victim and also the victim will lose consciousness (faint). If the heart is not restarted before the muscle cells starts to die off, then the victim will also die. A reconstruction of the effect an Atheromatous Plaque can have upon the wideness of the Lumen inside a blood vessel (self made image) Cholesterol is an important substance in the structure of cell membranes and we must have a certain amount of it in our body or the liver will produce its own form of cholesterol to be transported and used by cells. However, evidence from tests completed by scientists suggests that having an excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood increases the risk of suffering from CHD. It is still unclear whether or not ones levels of cholesterol in the blood stream can be controlled by ones diet although, data does show that eating large amounts of saturated fats can increase your chance of having a high cholesterol blood content. Excessive cholesterol can be dangerous as it is not soluble in water so therefore it cannot be transported using the blood plasma transportation system. Instead it must be transported around the body in something called â€Å"lipoproteins† which are tiny balls made up of various lipids, cholesterol and proteins. There are many varieties of lipoproteins which are normally categorised into 3 main sub-sections. These sub-sections are defined by the amount of protein they contain (also known as their density) and consist of: High Density Lipoprotein (HDL): High protein content and low lipid content Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL): High Lipid content and lower Protein content Chylomicrons: a very high lipid content and very low protein content HDL’s are usually given the job of picking up cholesterol from around the body and transporting it to the liver. On the other hand, LDL’s are usually given the job of transporting cholesterol from the lover to other parts of the body. LDL’s play a part in the formation of an atheromatous plaque due to the tendency for them to deposit cholesterol into the damaged walls of arteries; in contrast HDL’s seem to actually help in preventing CHD. This is because they remove cholesterol from tissues including those of blood vessel walls. Therefore a person who has a high HDL: LDL ratio in their body would be much better protected against CHD than someone who does not. The structure of a lipoprotein (this one could be a LDL due to its High Lipid content and lower Protein content) (http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Structure_of_a_Lipoprotein.jpg) Blood pressure can be defined as the pressure that blood inside vessels applies onto the walls of the vessel in which it is being transported. If a person has an exceptionally high blood pressure, they are said to have â€Å"hypertension†. This increases ones risk to CHD by causing the walls of the arteries to thicken and stiff much like atherosclerosis causes the blood vessels to become hardened. The cause of high blood pressure is not always clear in every case. However scientists have suggested that a high intake of salt or the excessive consumption of lipids may be aiding in the creation of a high blood pressure, this is due to the high water affinity of salt itself which could be drawing in water via osmosis, increasing the volume of blood and therefore pressure upon the blood vessels. High blood pressure is normally combated naturally by the body via the kidneys which would excrete more liquid containing the salt solution; however this process does not always work therefore leading to people with high blood pressure being either advised to just eat a low- salt diet or be given diuretics which will make the kidneys complete the process. In conclusion, It can be seen that both poor diet and obesity can both have a certain effect upon the chances of someone contracting Coronary Heart disease, however it can also be seen that the effects from both of these problems could easily be combated by simply eating a healthier diet containing all of the nutrients needed in the body and also in the correct proportions allowing for a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.

Fast Food Restaurants And Problem Of Hygiene English Language Essay

Fast Food Restaurants And Problem Of Hygiene English Language Essay Today it is very important for food industry operators to concern about their level of hygiene as today s customer have become more alarmed about risks allied with food. This report will identify the problems of hygiene associated with various fast food restaurants, it will also highlight whether these problems of hygiene in fast food restaurants affects their sales, whether it changes the behaviour of customers and also some of the solutions that can improve the hygiene level of these fast food restaurants. In addition to this it also focuses on what consumers wants government to do to improve hygiene of these outlets. Analysis is made on Background Information of fast food Restaurants and problem of hygiene associated with them, which includes use of allergic ingredients and lack of cleanliness of workers, kitchens. Examples of hygiene issue that happened with one of the most reputed fast food restaurant Kentucky Fried Chicken and other restaurants like Arbys, Sonic, and Jack in Box etc are shown. Some of the Key findings of Research Conducted show that improper hygiene does affect the sales because it affects the behaviour of customer towards the restaurants which are not following proper hygiene system. Example of restaurants like KFC, Hamburgers, and Fresh City etc are given whose sales were cut down because of improper hygiene. In addition some of the respondents gave decent solutions which can be adopted by fast food restaurants to improve their hygiene level. Table of Contents No Particulars Page No 1 Introduction 2 Research Method Used And Its Limitation 3 Research Findings 4 Conclusions And Recommendations 5 References And Appendix Research Motivation and Problem Definition Whether it is onion rings or double cheese burgers or variety of sandwiches fast food is growing at the fastest speed as compared to other food types. This is because it is reasonable in price, quickly and readily available. Today fast food restaurants are also growing very fast in world, especially in urban areas. Some of the examples of biggest fast food restaurants are KFC, Subway, Mc Donalds, and Burger King Etc. But as today customers are more anxious about their food safety, concern over fatness, food poisoning and BSE (mad cow diseases) , the industry of fast food are forced to give attention on their sanitation factor that includes food quality ,cleanliness etc. Today more than 60 % of fast food restaurants have experts, which can also be called as benchmark for judging their cleanliness other than this various types of rules are putted into place by management ,inspectors , the food and drug administration etc, but still there are some issues which arise regarding their hygi ene and cleanliness. Problem of Using Allergic Ingredients The most common problem is the use of allergic ingredients in food making, but they dont express us which are they, some of examples are as follows; A sausage burrito available at Mc Donalds contains harsh chemicals and preservatives in addition to its normal ingredients. Beyond these the hash browns are cooked with animal products. The pasteurised eggs used by Mc Donalds in breakfast have, citric acid, monosodium phosphate and sodium acid pyrophosphate which are used to maintain colour. These were some issues about Mc Donalds, but there are more hygiene issues with other big fast food restaurants. In case of Burger King, there are three salads to choose, these salads can be dressed up by putting their Kens Fat Free Ranch which includes titanium dioxide (an artificial colour) and also harmful ingredient like monosodium glutamate. On the other end Subway which is considered as a healthiest sandwich centre has also some issue if the ingredients used by them is considered, the problem with Subway is that they dont use Whole meal bread for their sandwiches, their breads contains Ammonium sulphate (a fertilizer) and azodicarbonamide which is totally banned in UK , Australia because safety executive has acknowledged that the consumption of this may cause the problem of asthma, also most of meats of subway contains MSG and/or sodium nitrite. Even KFC, which is one of the biggest fast food Restaurants has also various issues about their ingredients, monosodium glutamate is added to the chicken gravy and rice. Today fries are not made with 100% potatoes, because most of the restaurants use frozen fries, fries become discoloured if it is kept freezing for longer period of time ,to avoid this sulphur dioxide is used to bleach the fries and give them fine white colour. So these was all about the ingredients that these fa st food restaurants adopt, there are also issues with their cleanliness of the restaurants, cleanliness of their workers, of the place where food is been made. Problem of lack of Cleanliness The other most common violation is the lack of cleanliness of employees as they might be hired on low salary, in some of the fast food restaurants workers do not wash their hands, there are no hand washing gel in their washrooms, some of restaurants have improper food holding temperature and also undercooked meat, unclean counters, tables and also the kitchen which can broaden germs that results in to food poisoning. This can be proved by the recent issue of KFC. KFC was fined 19000 pound after a cockroach was found eating chips at one of the most reputed branch in Britain located at Leicester Square in west end lane of London. It was also heard that during the inception the officer also found rat, flies and dried blood on the floor. The other example is Arbys one of the famous beef roast joint , the fact is dirty meat slices were found at two different locations in US which resulted into sickness of more than 70 people. Same happened with Jack in Box, 12 year girl was lapsed in coma after eating at the restaurant and $15.6 million settlement was awarded. In addition to these, Sonic comes on 3 among all restaurants following improper asepsis according to NBC, healthinspection.com reviewed 7000 hygiene issue records on Sonic and amongst them one was a black mold founded on an onion ring cover. Objective of Report: Thus the main objective of this report is to discern the problem of hygiene connected with fast food restaurant, whether the hygiene level of the fast food restaurants affects the behaviour of the customers towards them and at last does this hygiene level affects their sales, according to people what government should do to improve hygiene of fast food restaurants. In addition to these, the report will also discover some of the solutions that can be used by these fast-food restaurants to advance their hygiene factor. Literature Review; In past many researchers tried to make research around the issue of food hygiene and safety, for example a research was made by Green Street Berman on how a restaurant can improve its hygiene. While there was also another research made by the author Denise M Rennie, Lecturer in the Environmental Health and Housing Department, University of Salford, Salford, UK. He proposed in his report that personnel should be trained to improve hygienic matters in the food industry. He also mentioned in his report that training programs which are run more closely to the site of the work are more effective if they are supported by the reinforcement of hygiene message. The main objective of this report was derived by these early researches as they do not clarify that how improper hygiene of fast food restaurants affects consumer behaviour and how this affects the sales. Frame work of the Report Effects Research Methods and Their Limitation There are two basic methods used to collect information 1. Secondary method. 2. Primary method. Secondary data collection Method and Its Justification In order to collect secondary data Internet, Articles and various magazines are used. The reasons of using secondary method in order to carry out research are as follows; 1. It is less time consuming and easy to access; one can find information very easily. 2. Generally the cost to acquire information through secondary data collection method is less. Primary data collection Method and Its Justification In order to collect primary data, survey is carried out using QUESTIONAIRE. The reasons behind using questionnaire in order to carry out primary research are as follows: 1. The response can be gathered in a more effective way even more than interviews, because sometimes while taking interview one might forget to ask certain questions. 2. The response can be gathered from large proportion of people while in focus groups or interviews one can get information only from certain number of people. Manual method is used to get output information after analysing data. Sampling plan.; The criterion of this sampling plan will be as follow: People who often goes to fast food restaurants. Importance of hygiene of fast food restaurant to individual taking food from it. Some of the recommendations in order to improve the hygiene level of the restaurants. Sample size; Sample size used 50. Time Schedule; Total estimated time used to complete report will be 7 weeks Gantt chart Activities Week1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Identifying problem Primary data collection Secondary data collection Analysis Completion Limitations of the Research Method Used; In case of Secondary method data is collected from various Articles, magazines, newspapers etc are used. Various limitations related with this method are as follows; 1. The data available from secondary data were quite vague. 2. The writer of secondary data might be biased. 3. The sample worn to accumulate secondary data may be small. The organisation or company who collected secondary may not be reputable In primary method Questionnaire is used to collect data. There are various limitations linked with Questionnaire. Some of them are as follows; 1. One major disadvantaged of report is difference in response. Different individual gives different responses. So it was complicated to generalise the information. 2. It is time consuming method and costly, as it takes more time to find individuals who can give their time to fill questionnaire. It costs more to print questionnaire. 3. Some response might have given wrong information in a hurry to fill questionnaire. 4. Some responses given by respondent were incomplete. . Research Findings The Purpose of the research was to know whether hygiene level of fast food restaurants affects their sales, whether it affects the behaviour of consumer towards the restaurants, according to civic, what steps should government take to improve the sanitation and some of the improvement that can be adopted by Fast food restaurants outlets .Results indicate that, hygiene is the most important in every food especially in fast food which is not considered as healthy as other food. After making analysis, about the views of hygiene of people it can be understood that people do considered hygiene as an important issue in fast food restaurants, it do affect their behaviour about the restaurant which is not following proper hygiene altitude and at last if this restaurants are not having hygiene level up to what people desires, it will cut down their sales. This can be proved by following findings: 1. More than one out of two gave importance to hygiene factor of fast food restaurants. Research shows that in hygiene factor people first give to importance to the cleanliness of the workers who are preparing the food. In addition to these, People are also concerned about the kitchen where food is prepared. Other than this People give importance to the ingredients which are used to prepare food, handling, storage etc. while other 2 % of people gave more importance to taste than hygiene. 2. The study examines, that hygiene altitude of fast food restaurants do affects the behaviour of customer towards it, one of the example was given by a sample about a pizza place in Greece, the pizza maker mixed six types of sperm inside the pizza which created the health problem to the people who eat that, people stopped going at pizza place and at last the place was shut down. [Referred TO Questionnaire in Appendix]. In addition to these as mentioned in the Third point, it happened to KFC. Same was found in case of pizza hut , about 28 % of total random people said that they stopped going to the place because they consider the cleanliness of the eatery was not up to the mark , that led them to choose other chophouse. 3. (1.1) Kentucky Fried Chicken better known as KFC one of the best fast food restaurant faced decrease in sales and also minor difference in the points of hygiene level given by people after the issue of dirty kitchen and floor, that happened in one of the its branch at Leicester Square in London. The sales of KFC as shown in figure 1.3 (Appendix) had gone down by 4 % at the end of third quarter of September 6 2009, it s worldwide sales was $9843 which reduced to $9413 in 2009 ,5300 unit chain faced an operating loss and there was also decrease of 4 points in hygiene level given by people after the issue of hygiene problem, that means there is also decrease in people who want to eat food of KFC, which shows there is decrease in frequency of people in KFC because of change in their behaviour about KFC s hygiene. So in order to change the notion they organised a health campaign called Fresh Tastes Best it was a TV campaign. (1.2)Another example is closure of North Andover Franchise of Fresh City one of the famous restaurants for salads, after four year establishment, local news commented that the closure of Fresh city was because of lack of cleanliness and violation made by health board. (1.3)Other than this Mc Donalds also took its 169 franchises because they were not performing well and their sales were continuously going down, the reasons were lack of satisfaction of customers and that was because of lack of cleanliness and improper quality of product. (1.4)Other example is of famous Hamburger, the sales of hamburger cut down because of lack of cleanliness. 4. As per figure 1.4 (Appendix) 50 % of individuals think that government should increase fine to improve the hygiene in fast food restaurants , while other 20 % of people that government should force the owner of the restaurant to close it , if it is following improper hygiene. Other 17 % of respondents said that government should force the fast food restaurants to organise compulsory training sessions for staff, to improve sanitation level of restaurants. Rest 13 % of respondents alleged that administrative should increase the frequency of health officers visiting all fast food restaurants to know , whether they are following proper hygiene altitude. While in case of improvement in hygiene stage of fast food restaurants, there are number of recommendations given by respondents, some of them are as follows, Recommendations given by samples 1. One third of total sample indicated that the fast food restaurants should clean their floors regularly and kitchen regularly. 2. About 10 % people said workers should be given more training in regardless to wash their hands before and after making food and they should have at least one separate sink for washing hands only or they should wear plastic gloves while preparing food, they should keep their hands away from nose, hair, ears all time and should use new gloves with new order. In addition to these workers should wear cap while making food. 3. Some of the people suggested to change the storage system of restaurants, they suggested to keep separate storage for each food so that the risk of cross-contamination which leads bacterial disease such as Salmonella can be concentrated, additionally all frozen food must be stored 5 degree Celsius. 4. About 10 % people suggested that the restaurants should recruit more people in regardless with cleaning. 5. Couple of people suggested, the restaurant that is not following proper scepticism should follow other restaurant that is following proper hygiene and try to implement it. 6. Some people indicated that restaurant should make all food in front of us And also they can advance the fast food by putting some more fresh fruits in it. Conclusion -After making above analysis following conclusion can be made; These days, the problem of hygiene in fast restaurants have increased, which includes several problems like lack of cleanliness especially in kitchen, various harmful chemical mixed ingredients, dirty employees working there, uncooked food etc. And all big reputed restaurants like KFC, MC Donalds, Subway, and Pizza Hut etc were spotted for following improper sanitary level. The reason behind this careless attitude might be to reduce the cost of getting pure ingredients or laziness of workers to maintain proper asepticism or lack of awareness of local manager. But today as people have became extra apprehensive towards the peril linked with fast food and as improper hygiene of the restaurant do affect their behaviour towards the food outlet, it is very necessary for the restaurant to give attention to their hygiene if not than it will be a time when no one will go to eat at fast food restaurants. Some of the big restaurants like KFC , Mc Donald s , Fresh City etc started showing out these picture as there was huge decrease in sales in KFC after it was noticed following improper hygiene, many franchisee of Mc Donalds and famous restaurant Fresh City were closed because of same reasons. In addition to this government should become tighter towards those who are not following suitable sanitation by implement new rules and regulation APPENDIX Figure 1.1. Referred to lack of cleanliness of Kitchen (Introduction) Figure 1.2 Referred to example of KFC given in [Introduction] Figure 1.3 Referred to decrease in sales of KFC due improper sanitation Figure1.4 Referred To Major steps government Should take to improve Hygiene In Fast Food Restaurant Survey about the importance of Hygiene Factor in Fast Food Restaurant. Q.1: What is your gender? o Male o Female Q.2: In which age group do you fall in? o 11 -18 o 19-25 o 25-33 o 33 or Older Q.3: How often do you visit fast food restaurant? o Regularly o Once a week o Once a month o Rarely Q.5: Up to what level do you consider hygiene in fast food as a vital aspect? o Not 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very So important Important Q.6: Do you think hygienic factor is important at the fast food Restaurants? o Not 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very So important Important Q.4: Which is your favourite fast food restaurant? o KFC o McDonalds o Subway o Burger king o Other . Q.7: Up to what extent do you think your favourite fast food restaurant maintains the hygienic level? o Excellent o Very good o Good o Average o Bad o Very bad Q: 7 If your favourite fast outlet is not up to the hygiene level that you prefer to be, then your behaviour towards it will change? o Yes o NO Q.8 Are you aware about the hygiene issue of KFC that happened at Leicester Square in London? o Yes o No Q.9 How many points you think you would be giving to hygiene level of KFC before the sanitation issue? o /10 Q.10. How many points you think you would give to hygiene level of KFC after you heard about the issue? o / 10 Q.12: what do you think government should do in order to improve hygiene of fast food restaurants? .. .. .. .. Q.13: According to you, what your favourite fast food restaurant should do in order to advance their hygienic altitude (level) then they has in present? . . . .

The Negative Impacts Of Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Negative Impacts Of Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Negative Impacts of Tourism Industry and the Importance of Sustainable Tourism The UN World Tourism Organization predicts that the amount of tourists traveling internationally from 2007 to 2020 will double in that time period from about 800 million to 1.6 billion (S.F. McCool and R.N. Moisey 2008). Tourism is the result of leaving ones own place and entering into a new place for the purpose of experiencing unknown environments and fantasy landscapes (Lansing and De Vries 2006). Tourism is a contact zone; therefore countries must adapt to each others differences in order to cope with the increasing amount of tourists. When this adaption occurs, it can create many disruptions on the host country involving their culture, how their society functions, and their environment (P. Lansing and P.D. De Vries 2006). The increasing popularity of tourism clearly has positive benefits such as being a large supplier of Foreign Direct Investment, as well as providing jobs for many people, but many say that it is just a continuation of old colonial patterns (Andereck and McGehee 2008). The harsh effects of tourism must be addressed and minimized in order for both the tourists and residents of the travel destination to reach its maximum benefit. I believe that this can be achieved through sustainable tourism, which is a type of tourism that continues to provide opportunity for employment in the local countries, but has minimal impact on the environment, culture and social lives of the host countries (Schloegel 2007). Through an analysis of the negative effects of various cultural, social and environmental impacts of tourism on Third World countries, one can see that sustainable tourism reduces these effects and ultimately will help these countries thrive. With the increasing amount of international travelers, and increasing numbers of tourist destinations, the amount of people entering the country can often be a disturbance to the countrys culture and beliefs. This may occur because of the fact that the vast majority of tourists are from First World countries, therefore it is difficult for host Third World countries to maintain their unique cultures and traditions when there are constant pressures to adapt to the various needs of the First World. This also is a way to notice that tourism is another form of old colonial practices, because they are trying to transform another culture into their own. McRea argues that because many tourists travel to experience the lives and cultures of other people; travellers develop preconceived perceptions of what they are expecting (2003). Moreover, Tooman argues that in order to satisfy these preconceived perceptions, the tourist destinations are required to satisfy these views of the tourists and make alterations in their culture to fit the views of the tourists (1997). This is a change that residents of host countries undergo in order to keep up with the needs of tourists so they can continue to have good service. Depending on the way countries react to these unavoidable changes, the constant pressures of changing can have negative affects on individuals habits, routines, social lives, beliefs and values (Dogan, 1989). Tourism often results in the intrusion on the daily lives of locals, a loss of privacy, and overcrowding of the host country. This negatively impacts the social lives of the local people which then leads to negative feelings about tourism for the people of the host country (King, Milman and Pizam, 1993). The mass tourism industry has created many job opportunities for people of the Third World as it has provided jobs in the travel, hotel, and service industry (King et. Al 1993). Although these jobs have lead to numerous opportunities, the residents of tourist locations must adapt to the rapid changes in their community. The construction of all services that are necessary for the tourism industry to succeed is a lot for the local people to adapt to because it is highly disruptive on the environment. The rapid development of constant new destinations negatively impacts the way societies interact with each other because they experience an overall change in habits, daily routines, social lives, beliefs, and values (Dogan 1989). Due to this, negative feelings towards tourism are formed which has lead to an increase in immoral behaviour of some individuals of the host country (Dogan 1989). Many residents feel that they have become servants of the tourists, because they are only working to satisfy the tourists desires. This may create social tension between tourists and people of the host destination. It changes the way they respond to one another (Vago 1998). Areas with high rates of tourism often experience an increase in population due to the many people that move in from out of town in order to benefit from the new job opportunities that the tourism industry has offered. Many communities, when undergoing a population increase, tend to experience a loss of identity and culture. It is difficult to maintain a particular identity when there are so many people from different backgrounds and beliefs entering the community at a rapid rate. The gradual increase of people into a community results in a change of habits, daily routines, social lives, beliefs and values (Dogan, 1989). This changes the structure of societies in the host country and forces them to adapt to these constant changes. Adapting to these changes may have negative impacts on the lives of the residents of the host countries. For example, if an individual finds that their culture is being severely disrupted in a negative way, they may create perceptions of the tourists, which may lead into immoral behaviours. There has been an increase in crime rates, drug addiction and social conflicts within Third World countries, which can likely be related to negative feelings of tourism (Dogan, 1989). The environment is a key factor in tourist destinations and will often be the deciding factor when choosing a vacation spot. This means the industry is constantly searching for new fantasy environments to build tourist attractions on. With the tourism being a large part of the twentieth century, the demands for tourism locations are increasing. Tourists wish to experience new cultures when traveling, but without the development of new places, the popularity of tourism will decline because the desire to experience new fantasy landscapes will not be fulfilled (Lim and McAleer 2005). This desire has resulted in many countries developing new tourism destinations, which is increasingly placing more of a negative impact on the environment as it is damaging important resources and the natural beauty of many ecosystems such as mountains and beaches (Lim et. al 2005). Due to the construction of many tourist attractions, it is causing the destruction of many unique environmental locations in host countries. This process has a significant impact on the environment, as well as the people living in that location. Constantly building tourist attractions causes air and noise pollution from an increase of vehicles and airplanes; water pollution due to fertilizer leakage, road oil and human waste; wildlife destruction caused by hunting and disruption of natural habitats, destruction of wetlands, plants and trees, which can lead to damaging the soil and beaches (Mowforth and Munt 1998). Not only is the constant construction of new tourist locations damaging to the environment, but it is also has a large disruption on the lives of the local people. The countrys environment is being destroyed for the purpose of meeting the demands of the tourists; therefore their environment is being taken away from them. In some countries, the local people lack clean water because the tourists are consuming so much of it and there is not enough left for some residents of the country (Mowforth and Munt 1998). In addition, it is common to see that once the tourist attraction has been developed, the local residents are not allowed access to it. This creates thoughts of resentment towards the tourists, because they are no longer allowed access to the natural environment that their country offers. In the twentieth century, the cruise ship industry has become increasingly popular. This type of tourism is he least beneficial form of tourism, as it produces about 77% of the worlds marine pollution (Dubinsky 2011: week 6). Cruise ships are so damaging to the environment, that they are only registered in a few countries that ignore the environmental laws. These countries may think that the cruise ship industry is benefiting their economy, but 95% of the requirements are imported from outside the region that is being visited; therefore only 5% of the consumption of tourists is actually from the tourist destination (Dubinsky 2011: week 6). It is shocking to see that the tourism industry is clearly aware of the harmful impact cruise ships have on the environment, yet continue to promote the cruise ship industry. As companies continue to advertise the cruise ship industry the number of passengers on cruise ships will continue to increase, which will only make the environment worse. We need to focus on these issues and make people aware of these harmful impacts, and focus on the future of a sustainable tourism industry. In the generation of today, we are experiencing climate change worldwide. Seeing significant changes in climate is a result of our carelessness to the environment we live in. The tourism industry has clearly contributed to a significant amount of the harmful effects on the environment, but minimal action is being taken on the issue to reduce the signs of climate change. Sustainable development links cultures and their environment. It is crucial that we relate these to each other because if we focus on one and not the other, the mass tourism industry could potentially lead to further negative consequences. It is clear that appropriate action needs to take place in order to reduce the negative effects of tourism. It is unrealistic to diminish all of the affects, but it is it is possible to minimize them. Looking at the negative cultural, social and environmental consequences of the mass tourism industry, one should be motivated to reduce the negative effects of tourism, while still maintaining the positive impacts. The tourism industry must also focus on the impact it will have in the future as well as making it more beneficial for both host countries as well as tourists. The most appropriate method of achieving this is through sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is a type of tourism that continues to provide the same opportunities for the local people of host countries, but has minimal impact on the environment and culture of the countries (Schloegel 2007). By practicing sustainable tourism, it will benefit the local peoples and communities as well as protect their resources upon which the tourism and recreation industry is built. If the amount of construction of new tourist sites is limited, it will reduce the amount of negative environmental impacts. For example, one could achieve this by limiting the number of new tourist destinations and only use established tourist sites. Other steps that can be taken in order to make tourism more sustainable is to make it mandatory for people to use biodegradable sunscreen because normal sunscreen is very harmful to the oceans. Another way to enforce sustainable tourism is to reduce the amount of chemicals used for eliminating insects, as they are also harmful to the environment. The Brundland Commission Report is an organization that focuses on addressing the increasing concern of the rapid deterioration of the environment and natural resources caused by constant construction in the Third World (Krotz 1996:216). The organization argues that the only way of reducing the negative cultural, social and environmental impacts of mass tourism is through a developmental process that provides for the needs of the present while ensuring that options for the future are preserved (1996). By traveling to many Third World countries such as Mexico, Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Costa Rica, I have become aware of the many negative cultural, social and environmental impacts of the mass tourism industry. In these destinations, I noticed that many people are dependent on the tourism industry to supply them with jobs. Although there are numerous job opportunities available, most workers are being paid minimum wage relying on tips to supplement their income and they work full days with only one day off per week. This clearly has an impact on the social lives of the local people because the majority of their lives are spent at work and they do not have that much time for themselves and their family. Also by traveling to these countries and often staying at all-inclusive resorts, one of the most significant things I noticed was the amount of consumption of resources seen in the hotels. The amount of waste that is being produced is shocking due to the constant use of things such as plastic water bottles, which do not appear to be being recycled, and discarding of unconsumed food. Recently in Mexico I spoke with one of the workers of the resort I was staying at and he told me that the majority of Mexicans are vegetarians because they cannot afford the price of meat. Yet, at all of the resorts, there are vast quantities of meat. It is also shocking for me to see that many of the local people of host countries are not allowed access to many places that are natural to that country such as beaches. I believe that people should have access to the natural beauty that their country offers. I have also noticed that many travellers are not appreciative of the host countries unique cultures and traditions. Even though these actions are damaging to the countrys culture, they sacrifice their own needs to meet the tourists desires because the industry is necessary for their development. Visiting these countries has provided me insight into many of the negative impacts o f tourism and has made me aware that a significant change is needed within the tourism industry. The mass tourism industry has brought many job opportunities for Third World counties, but as the industry continues to increase, we continue to negatively impact the culture, the way societies interact, and their environment. When there are so many tourists and people moving into the country to take advantage of the many job opportunities, many countries have difficulty holding onto their unique cultures and traditions when there are too many factors that invade and interrupt their culture. These constant interruptions cause the local people to adapt to the different cultures and values of the people touring and moving into the country. This also leads into a change in the way societies interact with one another. Through my own experience, it seems that many people are not aware of all of the negative impacts of the mass tourism industry. By increasing global awareness of the topic and by implementing sustainable tourism practices, we can reduce the amount of negative impacts on the culture, social lives, and environment and ultimately help host tourist countries thrive. Word count: 2471